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Sabtu, 28 April 2012

  • kata mutiara PENDIDIKAN




    Pendidikan bukan persiapan untuk hidup

    Pendidikan adalah hidup itu sendiri

    (John Dewey)


    Tujuan pendidikan adalah mempersiapkan generasi muda

    Untuk mendidik diri mereka sendiri seumur hidup mereka.

    (Robert Maynard Hutchins)


    Pendidikan bukanlah sesuatu yang diperoleh seseorang,

    Tapi pendidikan adalah sebuah proses seumur hidup

    (Gloria Steinem)


    Yang hebat didunia ini bukanlah tempat dimana kita berada

    Melainkan arah yang kita tuju

    (Oliver Wendell Holmes)


    Arah yang diberikan pendidikan

    Untuk mengawali hidup seseorang akan menentukan masa depannya

    (Plato)


    Murid yang dipersenjatai dengan informasi

    Akan selalu memenangkan pertempuran

    (Meladee McCarty)


    Seorang Guru

    Menggandeng tangan, Membuka pikiran

    Menyentuh hati, Membentuk masa depan

    Seorang Guru berpengaruh selamanya

    Dia tidak pernah tahu kapan pengaruhnya berakhir

    (Henry Adam)


    Kebajikan atau pengetahuan saja takkan cukup sebagai modal menjadi Guru

    Anugrah mengajar adalah bakat yang khas dan melibatkan kebutuhan

    Serta hasrat dalam diri sang Guru sendiri.

    (John Jay Chapman)


    Salah satu tanda seorang pendidik yang hebat

    Adalah kemampuan memimpin murid-murid

    Menjelajahi tempat-tempat baru

    Yang bahkan belum pernah didatangi sang pendidik

    (Thomas Groome)


    Mengajar berarti belajar lagi

    (Oliver Wendell Holmes)


    Guru biasa memberitahukan

    Guru baik menjelaskan

    Guru ulung memeragakan

    Guru hebat mengilhami

    (William Arthur Ward)


    Aku menyentuh masa depan. Aku mengajar

    (Christa McAuliffe)


    Kita tidak selalu bisa membangun masa depan bagi generasi muda

    Tapi kita bisa membangun generasi muda untuk masa depan.

    ( Franklin D Roosevelt)


    Kita tidak bisa mengajari orang apapun

    Kita hanya bisa membantu mereka menemukannya di dalam diri mereka

    (Galileo Galilei)


    Jika kau memberi tahu mereka

    Mereka hanya akan melihat gerakan bibirmu

    Jika kau menunjukan kepada mereka

    Mereka akan tergoda untuk melakukannya sendiri

    (Maria Montessori)


    Yang penting bukan bagaimana caramu hidup

    Tapi hidup siapa yang kamu ubah dengan hidupmu

    Seorang majikan bisa memberitahumu apa yang ia harapkan darimu

    Tapi seorang Guru membangkitkan pengharapanmu sendiri

    (Patricia Neal)


    Seni mengajar dalah seni membantu penemuan

    (Mark Van Doren)


    Aku bukan seorang Guru tapi seorang pembangkit

    (Robert Frost)


    Tujuan mengajar adalah untuk membuat anak bisa maju tanpa Gurunya

    (Elbert Hubbard)


    Jangan pernah meragukan keberhasilan

    Sekelompok kecil orang yang bertekad mengubah dunia

    Karena hanya kelompok seperti itulah yang pernah berhasil melakukannya

    (Margaret Mead)

    Setiap orang berbakat di bidang tertentu

    Kita hanya harus menemukan apa bakatnya

    (Evelyn Blose Holman)


    Aku bukan seoarang Guru hanya sesama musafir yang kau tanyai arah

    Aku menujuk ke arah depan—kedepan diriku sendiri dan ke depan dirimu

    (George Bernard Shaw)


    Apa yang ingin dipelajari murid

    Sama pentingnya dengan apa yang ingin diajarkan Guru

    (Lois E.LeBar)


    Bertindaklah seolah apa yang kau lakukan membuat perbedaan

    Karena kenyataannya memang begitu

    Ajari murid-murid menggunakan bakat apapun yang mereka miliki.

    Hutan akan sunyi jika yang berkicau

    Hanyalah burung-burung yang paling merdu kicaunya

    Kita cemas akan jadi apa anak kita nantinya

    Namun kita lupa bahwa ia sudah jadi seseorang sekarang

    (Stacia Tusher)


    Mengajar bukan profesi. Mengajar adalah kegemaran

    Aku telah mencapai sebuah kesimpulan yang menakutkan bahwa aku

    adalah unsur penentu di dalam kelas.

    Pendekatan pribadikulah yang menciptakan iklimnya

    Suasana hatikulah yang membuat cuacanya.

    Sebagai seorang Guru, aku memiliki kekuatan yang sangat besar

    untuk membuat hidup seseorang menderita atau gembira.

    Aku bisa menjadi alat penyiksa atau pemberi ilham,

    bisa bercanda atau mempermalukan,

    melukai atau menyembuhkan.

    Dalam semua situasi, reaksikulah yang menentukan

    apakah sebuah krisis akan memuncak atau mereda

    dan apakah seseorang akan diperlakukan sebagai manusia atau direndahkan.

    ( Haim Ginott)


    Anak-anak di dalam kelas kita mutlak lebih penting

    daripada pelajaran yang kita ajarkan kepada mereka

    (Meladee McCArty)


    Aku seorang Guru

    Guru adalah seorang pemimpin

    Tidak ada keajaiban dalam pekerjaanku

    Aku tidak berjalan di atas air

    Aku tidak membelah lautan

    Aku hanya mencintai anak-anak

    (Marva Collins)


    Kau bisa membayar orang untuk mengajar

    tapi kau tak bisa membayar mereka untuk peduli

    (Marva Collins)


    Salah satu hal yang bisa dilakukan seorang Guru

    adalah mengirim pulang seorang murid di siang hari

    dalam keadaan menyukai diri mereka

    sedikit lebih daripada ketika ia datang di pagi hari

    (Ernest Melby)


    Anak-anak adalah sumber alam kita yang paling berharga

    (Herbert Hoover)


    Setiap murid bisa belajar,

    hanya saja tidak pada hari yang sama atau dengan cara yang sama

    (George Evans)


    Jika kau harus berteriak, lakukanlah untuk membangkitkan semangat seseorang

    Rahasia pendidikan adalah menghormati sang murid

    (Ralph Waldo Emerson)


    Mengajari anak-anak berhitung memang bagus, tapi yang terbaik adalah mengajari mereka apa yang perlu diperhitungkan

    (Bob Talbert)




    MUTIARA KATA

    Enjoy favorite quotes about books and reading.
    Beware of the man of one book.
    ~ Anonymous ~

    Good children's literature appeals not only to
    the child in the adult, but to the adult in the child.
    ~ Anonymous ~

    A library is a hospital for the mind.
    ~ Anonymous ~

    People die, but books never die.
    ~ Anonymous ~

    If you can read this, thank a teacher.
    ~ Anonymous Teacher ~

    I've traveled the world twice over,
    Met the famous; saints and sinners,
    Poets and artists, kings and queens,
    Old stars and hopeful beginners,
    I've been where no-one's been before,
    Learned secrets from writers and cooks
    All with one library ticket
    To the wonderful world of books.
    ~ Anonymous ~

    Learn as much by writing as by reading.
    ~ Lord Acton ~

    Show me the books he loves and I shall know the man
    far better than through mortal friends.
    ~ Dawn Adams ~

    Books are the legacies that a great genius leaves to
    mankind, which are delivered down from generation to
    generation as presents to the posterity of those who are yet unborn,
    ~ Joseph Addison  ~

    Of all the diversions of life, there is none so proper to fill up
    its empty spaces as the reading of useful and entertaining authors.
    ~ Joseph Addison ~

    Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.
    ~ Joseph Addison  ~

    Reading is a basic tool in the living of a good life.
    ~ Mortimer J. Adler ~

    That is a good book which is opened with
    expectation and closed in profit.
    ~ Amos Bronson Alcott ~

    She is too fond of books, and it has turned her brain. (1873)
    ~ Louisa May Alcott ~

    When I look back, I am so impressed again
    with the life-giving power of literature.
    If I were a young person today, trying to gain a sense of
    myself in the world, I would do that again by reading,
    just as I did when I was young.
    ~ Maya Angelou ~

    Beware of the man of one book.
    ~ Thomas Aquinas ~

    I am not a speed reader. I am a speed understander.
    ~ Isaac Asimov ~

    He had read much, if one considers his long life;
    but his contemplation was much more than his reading.
    He was wont to say that if he had read as much as other men
    he should have known no more than other men.
    ~ John Aubrey ~

    To feel most beautifully alive means to be reading something beautiful,
    ready always to apprehend in the flow of language the sudden flash of poetry.
    ~ Gaston Bachelard ~

    Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted;
    nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.
    Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed,
    and some few to be chewed and digested:
    that is, some books are to be read only in parts,
    others to be read, but not curiously, and some few
    to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.
    ~ Francis Bacon ~

    Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man,
    and writing an exact man.
    ~ Francis Bacon ~

    Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be
    chewed and digested: that is, some books are to be read only in parts,
    others to be read, but not curiously, and some few to be read wholly,
    and with diligence and attention.
    ~ Francis Bacon ~

    Books are men of higher stature;
    the only men that speak aloud for future times to hear.
    ~ E.S. Barrett ~

    The printing press is either the greatest blessing
    or the greatest curse of modern times,
    sometimes one forgets which it is.
    ~ Sir James M. Barrie ~

    He that loves a book will never want a faithful friend,
    a wholesome counselor, a cheerful companion, an effectual comforter.
    By study, by reading, by thinking, one may innocently
    divert and pleasantly entertain himself,
    as in all weathers, as in all fortunes.
    ~ Barrow ~

    The world may be full of fourth-rate writers
    but it's also full of fourth-rate readers.
    ~ Stan Barstow ~

    Hypocrite reader -- my fellow -- my brother!
    ~ Charles Baudelaire ~

    A book is a garden, an orchard, a storehouse, a party,
    a company by the way, a counselor, a multitude of counselors.
    ~ Henry Ward Beecher ~

    A book is good company.
    It is full of conversation without loquacity.
    It comes to your longing with full instruction,
    but pursues you never.
    ~ Henry Ward Beecher ~

    Books are not made for furniture,
    but there is nothing else that so beautifully furnishes a house.
    ~ Henry Ward Beecher ~

    Where is human nature so weak as in the bookstore?
    ~ Henry Ward Beecher ~

    Books are not men and yet they stay alive.
    ~ Stephen Vincent Benet ~

    The power of a text is different when it is read from when it is copied out.
    Only the copied text thus commands the soul of him who is occupied with it,
    whereas the mere reader never discovers the new aspects
    of his inner self that are opened by the text,
    that road cut through the interior jungle forever
    closing behind it: because the reader follows the movement
    of his mind in the free flight of day-dreaming,
    whereas the copier submits it to command.
    ~ Walter Benjamin ~

    All the best stories in the world are but one story in reality -- the story of escape.
    It is the only thing which interests us all and at all times, how to escape.
    ~ Arthur Christopher Benson ~

    When we read a story, we inhabit it.
    The covers of the book are like a roof and four walls.
    What is to happen next will take place within the four walls of the story.
    And this is possible because the story's voice makes everything its own.
    ~ John Berger  ~

    I read the newspaper avidly.
    It is my one form of continuous fiction.
    ~ Aneurin Bevan ~

    Reading is not a duty, and has consequently
    no business to be made disagreeable.
    ~ Augustine Birrell ~

    Books, I found, had the power to make time
    stand still, retreat or fly into the future.
    ~ Jim Bishop ~

    The failure to read good books both enfeebles the vision
    and strengthens our most fatal tendency--
    the belief that the here and now is all there is.
    ~ Allan Bloom  ~

    A wonderful thing about a book, in contrast to a computer screen,
    is that you can take it to bed with you.
    ~ Daniel J. Boorstin ~

    I have always imagined that Paradise will be a kind of library.
    Jorge Luis Borges

    A conventional good read is usually a bad read,
    a relaxing bath in what we know already.
    A true good read is surely an act of innovative creation in which we,
    the readers, become conspirators.
    ~ Malcolm Bradbury ~

    You don't have to burn books to destroy a culture.
    Just get people to stop reading them.
    ~ Ray Bradbury ~

    The closest we will ever come to an
    orderly universe is a good library.
    ~ Ashleigh Brilliant ~

    There are worse crimes than burning books.
    One of them is not reading them.
    ~ Joseph Brodsky ~

    It is well to read everything of something,
    and something of everything.
    ~ Lord Henry P. Brougham ~

    When I got [my] library card, that was when my life began.
    ~ Rita Mae Brown ~

    Books, books, books had found the secret of a garret-room
    piled high with cases in my father's name;
    Piled high, packed large, --where, creeping in and out
    among the giant fossils of my past, like some small nimble mouse
    between the ribs of a mastodon, I nibbled here and there
    at this or that box, pulling through the gap, in heats
    of terror, haste, victorious joy, the first book first.
    And how I felt it beat under my pillow, in the morning's dark.
    An hour before the sun would let me read!
    My books!
    ~ Elizabeth Barrett Browning ~

    We get no good
    By being ungenerous, even to a book,
    And calculating profits,
    -- so much help
    By so much reading. it is rather when
    We gloriously forget ourselves and plunge
    Soul-forward, headlong, into a book's profound,
    Impassioned for its beauty and salt of truth --
    'T is then we get the right good from a book." (1857)
    ~ Elizabeth Barrett Browning ~

    Children are made readers on the laps of their parents.(1994)
    ~ Emilie Buchwald ~

    There is no past, so long as book shall live!
    Edward Bulwer-Lytton.

    To read without reflecting is like eating without digesting.
    ~ Edmund Burke ~

    Books are masters who instruct us without rods or ferules,
    without words or anger, without bread or money.
    If you approach them, they are not asleep; if you seek them,
    they do not hide; if you blunder, they do not scold;
    if you are ignorant, they do not laugh at you.
    ~ Richard De Bury ~

    The oldest books are still only just out to those who have not read them.
    ~  Samuel Butler ~

    Surviving and thriving as a professional today demands
    two new approaches to the written word.
    First, it requires a new approach to orchestrating information,
    by skillfully choosing what to read and what to ignore.
    Second, it requires a new approach to integrating information, by
    reading faster and with greater comprehension.
    ~ Jimmy Calano ~

    A novel is never anything, but a philosophy put into images.
    ~ Albert Camus ~

    After all manner of professors have done their best for us,
    the place we are to get knowledge is in books.
    The true university of these days is a collection of books.
    ~ Thomas Carlyle ~

    All that Mankind has done, thought, gained or been--
    it is lying as in magic preservation in the pages of Books.
    ~ Thomas Carlyle ~

    The best effect of any book is that it excites the reader to self activity.
    ~ Thomas Carlyle ~

    A good book is the purest essence of a human soul.
    ~ Thomas Carlyle ~

    In books lies the soul of the whole past time.
    ~ Thomas Carlyle ~

    What is the use of a book', thought Alice,
    'without pictures or conversations?'
    ~ Lewis Carroll ~

    Books are standing counselors and preachers, always at hand,
    and always disinterested; having this advantage over oral instructors,
    that they are ready to repeat their lesson as often as we please.
    ~ Oswald Chambers ~

    Books are the blessed chloroform of the mind.
    ~ Robert Chambers ~

    A good title is the title of a successful book.
    ~ Raymond Chandler ~

    The flood of print has turned reading into a process
    of gulping rather than savoring
    ~ Warren Chappell ~

    There is no substitute for books in the life of a child. (1952)
    ~ Mary Ellen Chase ~

    Let blockheads read what blockheads wrote.
    ~ Lord Chesterfield ~

    The mere brute pleasure of reading --
    the sort of pleasure a cow must have in grazing.
    ~ Gilbert K. Chesterton ~

    A book is like a garden carried in the pocket.
    ~ Chinese proverb ~

    Happy is he who has laid up in his youth, and held fast in all fortune,
    a genuine and passionate love of reading.
    ~ Rufus Choate ~

    A room without books is like a body without a soul.
    ~ Marcus T. Cicero ~

    Perhaps there are none more lazy, or more truly ignorant,
    than your everlasting readers.
    ~ William Cobbett ~

    Force yourself to reflect on what you read,
    paragraph by paragraph.
    ~ Samuel Taylor Coleridge ~

    Readers may be divided into four classes:
    1.) Sponges, who absorb all that they read and return it in
    nearly the same state, only a little dirtied.
    2.) Sand-glasses, who retain nothing and are content to get
    through a book for the sake of getting through the time.
    3.) Strain-bags, who retain merely the dregs of what they read.
    4.) Mogul diamonds, equally rare and valuable, who profit by
    what they read, and enable others to profit by it also.
    ~ Samuel Taylor Coleridge ~

    Books are but waste paper unless we spend in action
    the wisdom we get from thought -- sleep.
    When we are weary of the living, we may repair to the dead,
    who have nothing of peevishness, pride,
    or design in their conversation.
    ~ Jeremy Collier ~

    I used to walk to school with my nose buried in a book.
    ~ Coolio ~

    I often feel sorry for people who don't read good books;
    they are missing a chance to lead an extra life.
    ~ Scott Corbett ~

    The way a book is read- which is to say,
    the qualities a reader brings to a book-
    can have as much to do with its worth
    as anything the author puts into it.
    ~ Norman Cousins ~

    The book salesman should be honored
    because he brings to our attention, as a rule, the very
    books we need most and neglect most.
    ~ Frank Crane ~

    It was clear that the books owned the shop rather than the other
    way about. Everywhere they had run wild and taken possession of
    their habitat, breeding and multiplying and clearly lacking any strong
    hand to keep them down. (1963)
    ~ Agatha Christie ~

    You are wise, witty and wonderful,
    but you spend too much time reading this sort of stuff.
    ~ Jim Critchfield ~

    The successful Accelerated Reader is able to read larger than
    normal "blocks" or "bites" of the printed page with each eye stop.
    He has accepted, without reservation, the philosophy that
    the most important benefit of reading is the gaining
    of information, ideas, mental "picture" and entertainment-
    not the fretting over words. He has come to the realization that words
    in and of themselves are for the most part insignificant.
    ~ Wade E. Cutler ~

    The great American novel has not only already been written,
    it has already been rejected.
    ~ Frank Dane ~

    Next, in importance to books are their titles.
    ~ Paul Davies ~

    A truly great book should be read in youth,
    again in maturity and once more in old age,
    as a fine building should be seen by morning light,
    at noon and by moonlight.
    ~ Robertson Davies ~

    I heard his library burned down and both books were destroyed --
    and one of them hadn't even been colored in yet.
    ~ John Dawkins ~

    The man who is fond of books is usually a man
    of lofty thought, and of elevated opinions.
    ~ Christopher Dawson ~

    The world of books is the most remarkable creation of man:
    nothing else that he builds ever lasts monuments fall; nations perish;
    civilization grow old and die out; new races build others.
    But in the world of books are volumes that have seen
    this happen again and again and yet live on.
    Still young, still as fresh as the day they were written,
    still telling men's hearts, of the hearts of men centuries dead.
    ~ Clarence Day ~

    There is no Frigate like a Book
    To take us Lands away,
    Nor any Coursers like a Page
    Of prancing Poetry.
    ~ Emily Dickinson ~

    There is more treasure in books than
    in all the pirate's loot on Treasure Island.
    ~ Walt Disney ~

    There is an art of reading, as well as an art of thinking,
    and an art of writing.
    ~ Isaac Disraeli ~

    It is a great thing to start life with a small number
    of really good books which are your very own.
    ~ Sir Arthur Conan Doyle ~

    Never judge a book by its movie.
    ~ J. W. Eagan ~

    A book is a fragile creature. It suffers the wear of time,
    it fears rodents, the elements, clumsy hands.
    ~ Umberto Eco ~

    Reading, after a certain age, diverts the mind too much from its
    creative pursuits. Any man who reads too much and uses his own
    brain too little falls into lazy habits of thinking.
    ~ Albert Einstein ~

    Don't join the book burners. Don't be afraid to go
    in your library and read every book.
    ~ Dwight D. Eisenhower ~

    Books are the quietest and most constant of friends;
    they are the most accessible and wisest of counselors,
    and the most patient of teachers.”
    ~ Charles W. Eliot ~

    I read, much of the night, and go south in the winter.
    ~ T. S. Eliot ~

    If we encounter a man of rare intellect,
    we should ask him what books he reads.
    ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson ~

    In a library we are surrounded by many hundreds of dear friends
    imprisoned by an enchanter in paper and leathern boxes.
    ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson ~

    Our high respect for a well read person is praise enough for literature.
    ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson ~

    There is creative reading as well as creative writing.
    ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson ~

    Tis the good reader that makes the good book;
    a good head cannot read amiss:
    in every book he finds passages which seem confidences
    or asides hidden from all else and unmistakably meant for his ear.
    ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson  ~

    What's a book? Everything or nothing. The eye that sees it all.
    Ralph Waldo Emerson

    When I get a little money, I buy books;
    and if any is left, I buy food and clothes.
     ~ Desiderius Erasmus 1466-1536 ~

    To read is to empower
    To empower is to write
    To write is to influence
    To Influence is to change
    To change is to live.
    ~ Jane Evershed ~
    More than a Tea Party

    Read, read, read.
    ~ William Faulkner ~

    If the riches of the Indies, or the crowns of all the kingdom of Europe,
    were laid at my feet in exchange for my love of reading,
    I would spurn them all.
    ~ Francois FéNelon ~

    Read in order to live.
    ~ Gustave Flaubert ~

    I suggest that the only books that influence us
    are those for which we are ready,
    and which have gone a little farther down our particular path
    than we have yet got ourselves.
    ~ E. M. Forster ~

    It is a mistake to think that books have come to stay.
    The human race did without them for thousands of years
    and may decide to do without them again.
    ~ E. M. Forster ~

    Never lend books, for no one ever returns them;
    the only books I have in my library are books
    that other folks have left me.
    ~ Anatole France ~

    If I read a book that impresses me,
    I have to take myself firmly in hand,
    before I mix with other people;
    otherwise they would think my
    mind rather queer. (1952)
    ~ Anne Frank ~

    The person who deserves most pity is a lonesome one
    on a rainy day who doesn't know how to read.
    ~ Benjamin Franklin ~

    Read much, but not many books.
    ~ Benjamin Franklin ~

    When I discovered libraries, it was like having Christmas every day.
    ~ Jean Fritz ~

    Today a reader, tomorrow a leader.
    ~ W. Fusselman ~

    When you have mastered numbers, you will in fact no longer be
    reading numbers, any more than you read words when reading books
    You will be reading meanings.
    ~ Harold S. Geneen ~

    Let us read with method, and propose to ourselves
    an end to which our studies may point.
    The use of reading is to aid us in thinking.
    ~ Edward Gibbon ~

    To read a writer is for me not merely to get an idea of what he says,
    but to go off with him and travel in his company.
    ~ André Gide ~

    I know every book of mine by its smell, and I have but to put my nose
    between the pages to be reminded of all sorts of things.
    ~ George Robert Gissing ~


    Read books. They are good for us.
    ~ Natalie Goldberg ~

    The library, I believe, is the last of our public institutions
    to which you can go without credentials.
    You don't even need the sticker on your windshield
    that you need to get into the public beach.
    All you need is the willingness to read.
    ~ Harry Golden ~

    The first time I read an excellent work,
    it is to me just as if I gained a new friend;
    and when I read over a book I have perused before,
    it resembles the meeting of an old one.
    ~ Sir James Goldsmith ~

    Learning to read has been reduced to a process of mastering
    a series of narrow, specific, hierarchical skills.
    Where armed-forces recruits learn the components of a rifle
    or the intricacies of close order drill "by the numbers,"
    recruits to reading learn its mechanics sound
    by sound and word by word.
    ~ Jacquelyn Gross ~

    I have read your book and much like it.
    ~ Moses Hadas ~

    The greatest gift is the passion for reading.
    It is cheap, it consoles, it distracts, it excites,
    it gives you knowledge of the world and experience of a wide kind.
    It is a moral illumination.
    ~ Elizabeth Hardwick ~

    Books give not wisdom where none was before.
    But where some is, there reading makes it more.
    ~ John Harington ~

    MY BOOK!
    I did it!
    I did it!
    Come and look
    At what I’ve done!
    I read a book!
    When someone wrote it
    Long ago
    For me to read,
    How did he know
    That this was the book
    I’d take from the shelf
    And lie on the floor
    And read by myself?
    I really read it!
    Just like that!
    Word by word,
    From first to last!
    I’m sleeping with
    This book in bed,
    This first FIRST book
    I’ve ever read!
    ~ David L. Harrison ~
    (from Somebody Catch My Homework)

    In a very real sense, people who have read good literature
    have lived more than people who cannot or will not read.
    It is not true that we have only one life to lead; if we can read,
    we can live as many more lives and as many kinds of lives as we wish.
    ~ S. I. Hayakawa ~

    Whenever they burn books they will also,
    in the end, burn human beings.
     ~ Heinrich Heine ~
     (Almansor:  A Tragedy)

    All good books are alike in that they are truer
    than if they had really happened
    and after you are finished reading one
    you will feel that all that happened
    to you and afterwards it all belongs to you;
    the good and the bad, the ecstasy, the remorse,
    and sorrow, the people and the places and how the weather was.
    ~ Ernest Hemingway ~


    These are not books, lumps of lifeless paper, but minds alive on the shelves.
    ~ Gilbert Highet ~

    The best of a book is not the thought which it contains,
    but the thought which it suggests;
    just as the charm of music dwells not in the tones
    but in the echoes of our hearts.
    ~ Oliver Wendell Holmes ~

    Be as careful of the books you read, as of the company you keep,
    for your habits and character will be as much
    influenced by the former as the latter.
    ~ Paxton Hood~

    The books we read should be chosen with great care,
    that they may be, as an Egyptian king wrote over his library,
    "The medicines of the soul."
    ~ Paxton Hood ~

    What a school thinks about its library is a measure
    of what it feels about education.
    ~ Harold Howe ~
    Professor Emeritus at the Harvard Graduate School of Education
    and a former U.S. Commissioner of Education

    The proper study of mankind is books.
    ~ Aldous Huxley ~

    The end of reading is not more books but more life.
    ~ George Holbrook Jackson ~

    The newest books are those that never grow old.
    ~ George Holbrook Jackson ~

    Read as you taste fruit or savor wine,
    or enjoy friendship, love or life.
    ~ George Holbrook Jackson ~

    If you believe everything you read, better not read.
    ~ Japanese proverb ~

    Books constitute capital.
    A library book lasts as long as a house, for hundreds of years.
    It is not, then, an article of mere consumption but fairly of capital,
    and often in the case of professional men, setting out in life,
    it is their only capital.
    ~ Thomas Jefferson ~

    The end of reading is not more books but more life.
    ~ Holbrook Jackson ~

    A book should teach us to enjoy life, or to endure it.
    ~ Samuel Johnson ~

    Books that you carry to the fire, and hold readily
    in your hand, are most useful after all.
    ~ Samuel Johnson ~

    A man ought to read just as inclination leads him,
    for what he reads as a task will do him little good.
    ~ Samuel Johnson ~

    What is written without effort is in general read without pleasure.
    ~ Samuel Johnson ~

    Books like friends, should be few and well-chosen.
    ~ Joineriana ~

    The worst thing about new books is that
    they keep us from reading the old ones.
    ~ Joseph Joubert ~

    Give me books, fruit, French wine and fine weather and
    a little music out of doors, played by someone I do not know.
    ~ John Keats ~

    I have good reason to be content,
    for thank God I can read and
    perhaps understand Shakespeare to his depths.
    ~ John Keats ~

    Everywhere I have sought rest and not found it,
    except sitting in a corner by myself with a little book.
    ~ Thomas ã Kempis ~

    To sit alone in the lamplight with a book spread out before you,
    and hold intimate converse with men of unseen generations--
    such is a pleasure beyond compare.
    ~ Yosida Kenko ~

    I am a part of everything that I have read.
    ~ John Kieran ~

    The libraries have become my candy store.
    ~ Juliana Kimball ~

    Except a living man, there is nothing more wonderful than a book.
    Charles Kingsley

    A bad book is the worse that it cannot repent.
    It has not been the devil's policy to keep the
    masses of mankind in ignorance; but finding that they will read,
    he is doing all in his power to poison their books.
    ~ E. N. Kirk ~

    You can either read something many times in order to be assured
    that you got it all, or else you can define your purpose
    and use techniques which will assure that you have met it
    and gotten what you need.
    ~ Peter Kump ~

    There should be a little voice in your head like the storyteller
    is saying it.  And if there's not, then you're just lookin' at the words.
     ~ LaKeisha ~
    (9th Grader in San Francisco)
    Read the rest of the article about reading for understanding
    by following the link to WestEd's R&D Alert Newsletter, Summer 1999.

    Borrowers of books --those mutilators of collections,
    spoilers of the symmetry of shelves,
    and creators of odd volumes.
    ~ Charles Lamb ~

    I love to lose myself in other men's minds.
    Books think for me.
    ~ Charles Lamb ~

    What is reading, but silent conversation.
    ~ Walter Savage Landor ~

    After all, the world is not a stage -- not to me:
    nor a theatre: nor a show-house of any sort.
    And art, especially novels, are not little theatres where the reader
    sits aloft and watches... and sighs, commiserates, condones and smiles.
    That's what you want a book to be: because it leaves you
    so safe and superior, with your two-dollar ticket to the show.
    And that's what my books are not and never will be.
    Whoever reads me will be in the thick of the scrimmage,
    and if he doesn't like it -- if he wants a safe seat in the audience --
    let him read someone else.
    ~ D. H. Lawrence ~

    Magazines all too frequently lead to books and should be regarded
    by the prudent as the heavy petting of literature.
    ~ Fran Lebowitz ~

    Until I feared I would lose it, I never loved to read.
    One does not love breathing.
    ~ Harper Lee ~

    You've really got to start hitting the books
    because it's no joke out here.
    ~ Spike Lee ~

    Books to the ceiling,
    Books to the sky.
    My pile of books
    Are a mile high.
    How I love them!
    How I need them!
    I'll have a long beard
    By the time I read them.
    ~ Arnold Lobel ~

    Reading furnishes the mind only with materials for knowledge;
    it is thinking that makes what we read ours.
    ~ John Locke ~

    I feel a kind of reverence for the first books of young authors.
    There is so much aspiration in them,
    so much audacious hope and trembling fear,
    so much of the heart's history, that all errors
    and shortcomings are for a while lost sight of
    in the amiable self assertion of youth.
    ~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ~

    For books are more than books, they are the life,
    the very heart and core of ages past,
    the reason why men lived and worked and died,
    the essence and quintessence of their lives.
    ~ Amy Lowell ~

    Books are the bees which carry the quickening pollen
    from one to another mind.
    ~ James Russell Lowell  ~

    In science, read by preference the newest works.
    In literature, read the oldest.
    The classics are always modern.
    ~ Lord Edward Lytton ~

    A novel must be exceptionally good to live as long as the average cat.
    ~ Hugh Maclennan ~

    Everything in the world exists to end up in a book.
    ~ Stephane Mallarme ~

    Resolve to edge in a little reading every day,
    if it is but a single sentence.
    If you gain fifteen minutes a day,
    it will make itself felt at the end of the year.
    ~ Horace Mann ~

    Life happened because I turned the pages.
    ~ Alberto Manguel ~
    A History of Reading, 1996

    The pleasure of reading is doubled when one lives
    with another who shares the same books.
    ~ Katherine Mansfield ~

    Once we have learned to read, meaning of words
    can somehow register without consciousness.
    ~ Anthony Marcel ~

    Readers are plentiful: thinkers are rare.
    ~ Harriet Martineau ~

    To acquire the habit of reading is to construct for yourself
    a refuge from almost all of the miseries of life.
    ~ W. Somerset Maugham ~

    I must say that I find television very educational.
    The minute somebody turns it on, I go to the library and read a book.
    ~ Groucho Marx  ~

    Outside a dog, a book is man's best friend.
    Inside a dog, it's too dark to read.
    Groucho Marx

    The book to read is not the one which thinks for you,
    but the one which makes you think.
    ~ Mccosh ~

    Any book that helps a child to form a habit of reading,
    to make reading one of his deep and continuing needs,
    is good for him.
    ~ Richard McKenna ~

    Books, to the reading child, are so much more than books -- they
    are dreams and knowledge, they are a future, and a past.(1940)
    ~ Esther Meynell ~

    Until it is kindled by a spirit as flamingly alive as the one
    which gave it birth a book is dead to us.
    Words divested of their magic are but dead hieroglyphs.
    ~ Henry Miller ~

    Deep versed in books and shallow in himself.
    ~ John Milton ~

    He who destroys a good book kills reason itself.
    ~ John Milton ~

    Books and marriage go ill together.
    ~ Molière ~

    No entertainment is so cheap as reading, nor any pleasure so lasting.
    ~ Lady M. W. Montague ~

    I've never known any trouble that an hour's reading didn't assuage.
    ~ Montesquieu ~

    Some of the most famous books are the least worth reading.
    Their fame was due to their having done something
    that needed to be doing in their day.
    The work is done and the virtue of the book has expired.
    ~ John Morely ~

    Book lovers will understand me,
    and they will know too that part of the pleasure
    of a library lies in its very existence.
    ~ Jan Morris ~

    A dose of poison can do its work but once.
    A bad book can go on poisoning minds for generations.
    ~ William Murray ~

    Just the knowledge that a good book is awaiting one
    at the end of a long day makes the day happier.
    ~ Kathleen Norris ~

    I think reading a novel is almost next best to having something to do.(1857)
    ~ Margaret Oliphant ~

    The books that help you most are those which make you think that most.
    The hardest way of learning is that of easy reading;
    but a great book that comes from a great thinker is a ship of
    thought, deep freighted with truth and beauty.
    ~ Theodore Parker ~

    It is not enough to simply teach children to read;
    we have to give them something worth reading.
    Something that will stretch their imaginations-
    something that will help them make sense of their own lives
    and encourage them to reach out toward people
    whose lives are quite different from their own.
    ~ Katherine Paterson ~

    Much reading is an oppression of the mind, and extinguishes the natural candle,
    which is the reason of so many senseless scholars in the world.
    ~ William Penn ~

    Wear the old coat and buy the new book.
    ~ Austin Phelps ~

    I divide all readers into two classes:
    Those who read to remember
    and those who read to forget.
    ~ William Phelps ~

    No one can read with profit that which
    he cannot learn to read with pleasure.
    ~ Noah Porter ~

    Properly, we should read for power.
    Man reading should be man intensely alive.
    The book should be a ball of light in one's hand.
    ~ Ezra Pound ~

    There is no reason why the same man should like
    the same books at eighteen and forty-eight.
    ~ Ezra Pound ~

    Books do furnish a room.
    ~ Anthony Powell ~

    I would be most content if my children grew up to be
    the kind of people who think decorating
    consists mostly of building enough bookshelves. (1993)
    ~ Anna Quindlen ~

    Reading makes immigrants of us all.
    It takes us away from home, but more important,
    it finds homes for us everywhere.
    ~ Hazel Rochman ~

    Upon books the collective education of the race depends;
    they are the sole instruments of registering,
    perpetuating and transmitting thought.
    ~ Henry C. Rogers ~

    Everything you need for better future and success
    has already been written. And guess what?
    All you have to do is go to the library.
    ~ Jim Rohn ~

    The reason that fiction is more interesting than any other form of literature,
    to those who really like to study people,
    is that in fiction the author can really tell the truth without humiliating himself.
    ~ Eleanor Roosevelt ~

    Very young children eat their books, literally devouring their contents.
    This is one reason for the scarcity of first editions of Alice in Wonderland
    and other favorites of the nursery.
    ~ A. S. W. Rosenbach ~

    A library should be like a pair of open arms.
    ~ Roger Rosenblat ~t

    Prerequisite for rereadability in books:
    that they be forgettable.
    ~ Jean Rostand ~

    The real risks for any artist are taken in pushing the work
    to the limits of what is possible, in the attempt to increase the sum
    of what it is possible to think. Books become good when they
    go to this edge and risk falling over it --when they endanger
    the artist by reason of what he has, or has not, artistically dared.
    ~ Salman Rushdie ~

    All books are divisible into two classes,
    the books of the hour, and the books of all time.
    ~ John Ruskin ~

    Be sure that you go to the author to get
    at his meaning, not to find yours.
    ~ John Ruskin ~

    To use books rightly, is to go to them for help;
    to appeal to them when our own knowledge and power fail;
    to be led by them into wider sight and purer conception than our own,
    and to receive from them the united sentence of the judges
    and councils of all time, against our solitary and unstable opinions.
    ~ John Ruskin ~

    There are two motives for reading a book;
    one, that you enjoy it; the other, that you can boast about it.
    ~ Bertrand Russell ~

    By elevating your reading, you will improve your writing
    or at least tickle your thinking."
    ~ William Safire ~

    What I like best is a book that's at least funny once in a while...
    What really knocks me out is a book that,
    when you're all done reading it,
    you wish the author that wrote it was a terrific friend of yours
    and you could call him up on the phone whenever you felt like it.
    That doesn't happen much, though.
    ~ J. D. Salinger ~

    A library is thought in cold storage.
    ~ Herbert Samuel ~

    Books....are like lobster shells, we surround ourselves with 'em,
    then we grow out of 'em and leave 'em behind,
    as evidence of our earlier stages of development. (1928)
    ~ Dorothy Sayers ~

    I've never know any trouble than an hour's reading didn't assuage.
    ~ Charles de Secondat ~

    The more that you read,
    the more things you will know.
    The more that you learn,
    the more places you'll go.
    ~ Dr. Seuss ~

    How can you dare teach a man to read
    until you've taught him everything else first?
    ~ George Bernard Shaw ~

    The humble little school library ... was a ramp to everything
    in the world and beyond, everything that could be dreamed and
    imagined, everything that could be known, everything that could be hoped.
     ~ Lee Sherman, ~
    (Editor of Northwest Education)
    Learn more about the importance of reading by following the link
    to the Fall 1998 issue of Northwest Education, an online journal
    published by the Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory.

    What is the most precious, the most exciting smell awaiting
    you in the house when you return to it after a dozen years or so?
    The smell of roses, you think? No, moldering books.
    ~ Andre Sinyavsky ~

    We shouldn't teach great books;
    we should teach a love of reading.
    ~ B. F. Skinner ~

    People say that life is the thing, but I prefer reading.
    ~ Logan Pearsall Smith ~

    It is no more necessary that a man should remember the different
    dinners and suppers which have made him healthy, than the different
    books which have made him wise. Let us see the results of good food
    in a strong body, and the results of great reading in a full and powerful mind.
    ~ Sydney Smith ~

    Only a generation of readers will span a generation of writers.
    ~ Steven Spielberg ~

    Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.
    ~ Richard Steele ~

    Digressions, incontestably, are the sunshine;
    they are the life, the soul of reading.
     ~ Laurence Sterne ~

    Why pay a dollar for a bookmark?
    Why not use the dollar for a bookmark?
    ~ Fred Stoller ~

    A great book should leave you with many
    experiences and slightly exhausted at the end.
    You should live several lives while reading it.
    ~ William Styron ~

    Most books, like their authors, are born to die;
    of only a few books can it be said that death
    has no dominion over them;
    they live, and their influence lives forever.
    ~ J. Swartz ~

    Books--the children of the brain.
    ~ Jonathan Swift ~

    Books, like proverbs, receive their chief value from the stamp
    and esteem of the ages through which they have passed
    ~ Sir William Temple ~

    My home is where my books are. (1909)
    ~ Ellen Thompson ~

    Books are the treasured wealth of the world
    and the fit inheritance of generations and nations.
    ~ Henry David Thoreau ~

    Books, not which afford us a cowering enjoyment,
    but in which each thought is of unusual daring;
    such as an idle man cannot read, and a timid one would not be
    entertained by, which even make us dangerous to existing institution --
    such call I good books.
    ~ Henry David Thoreau ~

    How many a man has dated a new era in his life
    from the reading of a book. (1854)
    ~ Henry David Thoreau ~

    Read the best books first,
    or you may not have a chance to read them at all.
    ~ Henry David Thoreau ~

    The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot
    read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn.
    ~ Alvin Toffler ~

    The Brahmins say that in their books there are many
    predictions of times in which it will rain.
    But press those books as strongly as you can,
    you can not get out of them a drop of water.
    So you can not get out of all the books that contain
    the best precepts the smallest good deed.
    ~ Count Leo Tolstoy ~

    No matter how busy you may think you are,
    you must find time for reading,
    or surrender yourself to self-chosen ignorance.
    ~ Atwood H. Townsend ~

    Education... has produced a vast population able to read
    but unable to distinguish what is worth reading,
    an easy prey to sensations and cheap appeals.
    ~ G. M. Trevelyan ~

    One half who graduate from college never read another book.
    ~ Herbert True ~

    There are books so alive that you're always afraid that
    while you weren't reading, the book has gone and changed,
    has shifted like a river; while you went on living, it went on living too,
    and like a river moved on and moved away.
    No one has stepped twice into the same river.
    But did anyone ever step twice into the same book?
    ~ Marina Tsvetaeva ~

    A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever.
    ~ Martin Farquhar Tupper ~

    Classic. A book which people praise and don't read.
    ~ Mark Twain ~

    A classic is something that everybody wants to have read
    and nobody wants to read."
    ~ Mark Twain ~

    My books are water;
    those of the great geniuses are wine --
    everybody drinks water.
    ~ Mark Twain ~

    The man who doesn't read good books
    has no advantage over the man who can't read them.
     ~ Mark Twain ~

    I was born with the impression that what happened in books was
    much more reasonable, and interesting, and real, in some ways,
    than what happened in life. (1980)
    ~ Anne Tyler ~

    I've traveled the world twice over,
    Met the famous; saints and sinners,
    Poets and artists, kings and queens,
    Old stars and hopeful beginners,
    I've been where no-one's been before,
    Learned secrets from writers and cooks
    All with one library ticket
    To the wonderful world of books.
    ~ Unknown ~

    Ideally a book would have no order to it,
    and the reader would have to discover his own.
    ~ Raoul Vaneigem ~

    It is with books as with men -
    a very small number play a great part,
    the rest are lost in the multitude.
    ~ Voltaire ~

    What harm can a book do that costs a hundred crowns?
    Twenty volumes folio will never cause a revolution;
    it is the little portable volumes of thirty sous that are to be feared.
    ~ Voltaire ~

    Fiction reveals truth that reality obscures.
    ~ Jessamyn West ~

    Camerado! This is no book; who touches this touches a man.
    ~ Walt Whitman ~

    Books had instant replay long before televised sports.
    ~ Bert Williams ~

    Never read a book through merely because you have begun it.
    John Witherspoon

    Fiction is like a spider's web, attached ever so lightly perhaps,
    but still attached to life at all four corners.
    ~ Virginia Woolf ~

    When the Day of Judgment dawns and the great conquerers and
    lawyers and statesmen come to receive their rewards --
    their crowns, their laurels, their names carved indelibly upon
    imperishable marble -- the Almighty will turn to Peter and will say,
    not without a certain envy when he sees us coming with our books
    under our arms, "Look, these need no reward. We have nothing to
    give them here. They have loved reading. (1932)
    ~ Virginia Woolf ~

    Old books that have ceased to be of service
    should no more be abandoned than should old friends
    who have ceased to give pleasure.
    ~ Sir Peregrine Worsthorne ~

    Choose an author as you choose a friend.
    ~ Sir Christopher Wren ~

    I have often reflected upon the new vistas that reading opened to me.
    I knew right there in prison that reading had changed forever the
    course of my life. As I see it today, the ability to read awoke in me
    some long dormant craving to be mentally alive.
    ~ Malcolm X ~

    Man ceased to be an ape, vanquished the ape,
    on the day the first book was written.
    ~ Yevgeny Zamyatin ~
  • Kamis, 26 April 2012

  • Download Software multimedia Pembelajaran


    Banyak factor yang menentukan keberhasilan dalam suatu pembelajaran fisika. Salah satu diantaranya tersedianya fasilitas laboratorium fisika. Menurut pembelajaran efektif, suatu pembelajaran akan lebih efektif salahsatunya anak diajak untuk mengalami secara langsung. Keterbatasan fasilitas laboratorium menjadi kendala utama dalam pembelajaran sains, sehingga diperlukan inovasi dan terobosan baru dalam rancang bangun media pembelajaran tiruan berupa animasi berbantuan computer.

    Dalam pembuatan animasi pembelajaran, guru harus pandai membuat sebuah cerita tentang konsep fisika yang menarik dan mempresentesikannya dengan baik pula. Berikut beberapa software yang dapat bapak/ibu atau anda yang berminat mempelajari multimedia pembelajaran. Saya sertakan link download di bawah ini dari apa yang saya dapatkan selama ini.
    1. Animasi Flash: pembuatan animasi berbasis vector/ pembuatan Game dapat kita gunakan dengan software Macromedia flash atau software yang relative lebih mudah dari m.flash yaitu SwishMAx
    2.  Jika ingin membuat objek 3 dimensi sekaligus menganimasikannya juga pembuatan game 3D dapat anda gunakana 3D studio max
    3.  Software Sutradara : Macromedia director; sebuah software yang menggabungkan hasil dari olahan beberapa produk multimedia seperti, film, audio, flash, photo, dapat kita atur presentasinya dengan bantuan software ini dan menyimpannya ke dalam file aplikasi *.exe. pembuatan multimedia interaktif sangat cocok jika menggunakan mac. Director
  • TEORI BELAJAR BEHAVIORISTIK


    Konsep  / Pandangan  terhadap pembelajaran.
    Teori behavioristik adalah teori beraliran behaviorisme yang merupakan salah satu aliran psikologi. Teori ini memandang indifidu hanya dari sisi fenomena jasmaniyah, dan mengabaikan aspek-aspek mental. Sehinggadengan kata lain behaviorisme tidak mengakui adanya kecerdasan, bakat, minat dan perasaan individu dalam suatu belajar. Peristiwa belajar semata-mata hanya untuk melatih refleks-refleks sedemikian rupa sehingga menjadi kebiasaan yang dikuasai individu.
    Seperti yang telah disampaikan di atas bahwa teori behavioristik memandang bahwa belajar merupakan perubahan tingkah laku, yang bisa di amati, di ukur dan di nilai secara konkrit, karena adanya interaksi antara stimulus dan respon. Perubahan terjadi melalui rangsangan (stimulus) yang menimbulkan perilaku reaktif (respon) berdasarkan hukum-hukum mekanistik. Stimulus tidak lain adalah lingkungan belajar anak, baik yang internal maupun eksternal yang menjadi penyebab belajar. Sedangkan respon adalah akibat atau dampak, berupa reaksi fisik terhadap stimulans. Belajar berarti penguatan ikatan, asosiasi, sifat dan kecenderungan S-R.
    Menurut teori ini yang terpenting adalah masuk atau input yang berupa stimulus dan keluaran atau output yang berupa respon. Sedangkan apa yang terjadi antara stimulus dan respon dianggap tidak penting untuk diperhatikan karena tidak bisa diamati. Teori ini mengutamakan pengukuran, sebab pengukuran merupakan suatu hal penting untuk melihat terjadi atau tidaknya perubahan tingkah laku tersebut. Seseorang dianggap telah belajar sesuatu jika ia dapat menunjukkan perubahan tingkah lakunya.[2] Misalnya; siswa belum dapat dikatakan berhasil dalam belajar Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial jika dia belum bisa/tidak mau melibatkan diri dalam kegiatan-kegiatan sosial seperti; kerja bakti, ronda dll.
    Tokoh-tokoh dan pemikiranya.
    a. Thorndike : koneksionisme.
    Thorndike adalah seorang pendidik dan sekaligus psikolog berkebangsaan Amerika. Menurutnya, belajar merupakan peristiwa terbentuknya asosiasi (koneksi) antara peristiwa yang disebut dengan Stimulus (S) dengan Respon (R). Stimulus adalah perubahan dari lingkungan exsternal yang menjadi tanda untuk mengaktifkan organisme untuk beraksi/berbuat. Sedangkan respon adalah sembarang tingkah laku yang dimunculkan karena adanya perangsang.
    Dari percobaannya yang terkenal (puzzle box) diketahui bahwa supaya tercapai hubungan antara stimulus dan respon, perlu adanya kemampuan untuk memilih respon yang tepat serta melalui usaha-usaha atau percobaan-percobaan (trial) dan kegagalan-kegagalan (Error) terlebih dahulu. Bentuk paling dasar dari belajar adalah “Trial and Error learning atau selecting and conecting learning” dan berlangsung menurut hukum-hukum tertentu. Oleh karena itu teori belajar yang dikemukakan oleh thorndike ini sering disebut teori belajar koneksionisme atau asosiasi. Prinsip pertama teori koneksionisme adalah belajar merupakan kegiatan membentuk asosiasi (conection) antara kesan panca indera dengan kecenderungan bertindak.
    Dari exsperimen puzzle box-nya thorndike menemukan tiga hukum belajar  yaitu; Hukum kesiapan (Law of readiness) dimana semakin siap suatu organisme memperoleh perubahan tingkah laku, maka pelaksanaan tingkah laku tersebut akan menimbulkan kepuasan individu sehingga asosiasi cenderung diperkuat. Hukum Latihan (Law of excercise) yaitu semakin sering tingkah laku di ulang/dilatih (digunakan), maka asosiasi tersebut akan semakin kuat. Yang terakhir adalah hukum akibat (law of effect) yaitu hubungan stimulus respon akan cenderung di perkuat bila akibatnya menyenangkan dan sebaliknya cenderung melemah jika akibatnya tidak memuaskan.
    b. Watson : Conditioning
    Watson mendefinisikan belajar sebagai proses interaksi antara stimulus dan respon, namun stimulus dan respon yang dimaksud harus dapat di amati (observable) dan dapat di ukur. Jadi meskipun dia mengakui adanya perubahan-perubahan mental dalam diri seseorang selama proses belajar, namun dia menganggap faktor tersebut sebagai hal yang tidak perlu di perhitungkan karena tidak dapat diamati.
    Watson adalah seorang behaviorist murni, karena kajianya tentang belajar disejajarkan dengan ilmu-ilmu lain seperti fisika atau biologi yang sangat berorientasi pada pengalaman empirik semata, yaitu sejauh mana dapat diamati dan diukur. Hanya dengan asumsi seperti itulah – menurut watson -  kita dapat meramalkan perubahan apa yang bakal terjadi pada siswa.
    c. Guthrie : Conditioning.
    Azas belajar guthrie yang utama adalah hukum kontinguity. Yaitu gabungan stimulus-stimulus yang disertai suatu gerakan, pada waktu timbul kembali cenderung akan diikuti oleh gerakan yang sama. Guthrie juga menggunakan variabel hubungan stimulus respon untuk menjelaskan terjadinya proses belajar. Belajar terjadi karena gerakan terakhir yang dilakukan mengubah situasi stimulus sedangkan tidak ada respon lain yang dapat terjadi. Penguatan hanya sekedar melindungi hasil belajar yang baru agar tidak hilang dengan jalan mencegah perolehan respon yang baru.
    Teori guthrie ini mengatakan bahwa hubungan stimulus dan respon bersifat sementara, oleh karenanya dalam kegiatan belajar, peserta didik perlu sesering mungkin diberi stimulus agar hubungan stumulus dan respon bersifat lebih kuat dan menetap. Guthrie juga percaya bahwa  hukuman (punishment) memegang peranan penting dalam proses belajar. Hukuman yang diberikan pada saat yang tepat akan mampu mengubah tingkah laku seseorang.
    d. Skinner : Operant conditioning
    Skinner adalah seorang yang berkebangsaan Amerika yang dikenal sebagai seorang tokoh behavioris yang meyakini bahwa perilaku individu dikontrol melalui proses operant conditioning dimana seseorang dapat mengontrol tingkah laku organisme melalui pemberian reinforcement yang bijaksana dalam lingkungan yang relatif besar.
    Menagement kelas menurut skinner adalah berupa usaha untuk memodifikasi perilaku antara lain dengan proses penguatan yaitu memberi penghargaan pada perilaku yang diinginkan dan tidak memberi imbalan apapun pada perilaku yang tidak tepat. Operant Conditioning adalah suatu proses perilaku operant (penguatan positif atau negatif) yang dapat mengakibatkan perilaku tersebut dapat berulang kembali atau menghilang sesuai dengan keinginan.
    Menurut skinner – berdasarkan percobaanya terhadap tikus dan burung merpati – unsur terpenting dalam belajar adalah penguatan. Maksudnya adalah penguatan yang terbentuk melalui ikatan stimulus respond akan semakin kuat bila diberi penguatan ( penguatan positif dan penguatan negatif). Bentuk penguatan positif berupa hadiah, perilaku, atau penghargaan. Sedangkan bentuk penguatan negatif adalah antara lain menunda atau tidak memberi penghargaan, memberikan tugas tambahan, atau menunjukkan perilaku tidak senang.
    Skinner tidak percaya pada asumsi yang dikemukakan guthrie bahwa hukuman memegang peranan penting dalam proses pelajar. Hal tersebut dikarenakan –menurut skinner- (1) pengaruh hukuman terhadap perubahan tingkah laku sangat bersifat sementara, (2) dampak psikologis yang buruk mungkin akan terkondisi (menjadi bagian dari jiwa si terhukum) bila hukuman berlangsung lama, (3) hukuman mendorong si terhukum mencari cara lain (meskipun salah dan buruk) agar ia terbebas dari hukuman, (4) hukuman dapat mendorong si terhukum melakukan hal-hal lain yang kadangkala lebih buruk dari pada kesalahan pertama yang diperbuatnya. Skinner lebih percaya dengan apa yang disebut penguatan baik negatif maupun positif.
    e. Pavlov : Classic Conditioning
    Dalam pemikiranya Pavlov berasumsi bahwa dengan menggunakan rangsangan-rangsangan tertentu, perilaku manusia dapat berubah sesuai dengan apa yang diinginkan. Berangkat dari asumsi tersebut Pavlov mengadakan eksperimen dengan menggunakan binatang (anjing) karena ia menganggap binatang memiliki kesamaan dengan manusia. Namun demikian, dengan segala kelebihanya secara hakiki, manusia berbeda dengan binatang.
    Pavlov mengadakan percobaan dengan cara mengadakan operasi leher pada seekor anjing. Sehingga keluar kelenjar air liurnya dari luar. Apabila diperlihatkan sesuatu makanan, maka akan keluar air liur anjing tersebut. Kemudian dalam percobaan berikutya sebelum  makanan diperlihatkan, diperlihatkanlah sinar merah terlebih dahulu, kemudian baru makanan. Dengan sendirinya air liurpun akan keluar pula. Apabila perbuatan demikian di lakukan berulang-ulang, maka pada suatu ketika dengan hanya memperlihatkan sinar merah saja tanpa makanan maka air liurpun akan keluar pula.
    Makanan adalah rangsangan wajar, sedangkan merah rangsangan buatan. Ternyata kalau perbuatan yang demikian dilakukan berulang-ulang, rangsangan buatan ini akan menimbulkan syarat (kondisi) untuk timbulnya air liur pada anjing tersebut. Dari eksperimen tersebut, setelah pengkondisian atau pembiasaan, dapat di ketahui bahwa daging yang menjadi stimulus alami dapat di gantikan oleh sinar merah sebagai stimulus yang dikondisikan (conditioned stimulus)[3]. Ketika sinar merah di nyalakan ternyata air liur anjing keluar sebagai respon-nya. Pavlov berpendapat bahwa kelenjar-kelenjar yang lainpun dapat dilatih sebagaimana tersebut.
    Apakah situasi ini bisa diterapkan pada manusia? Ternyata dalam kehidupan sehari-hari ada situasi yang sama pada anjing. Sebagai contoh, suara lagu dari penjual es creem Walls yang berkeliking dari rumah kerumah. Awalnya mingkin suara itu asing, tetapi setelah si penjual es creem sering lewat, maka nada lagu tersebut bisa menerbitkan air liur. Dari contoh tersebut dapat diketahui bahwa dengan menerapkan strategi pavlov ternyata individu dapat dikendalikan melalui cara mengganti stimulus alami dengan stimulus yang tepat untuk mendapatkan pengulangan respon yang diinginkan, sementara individu tidak menyadari bahwa ia dikendalikan oleh stimulus yang berasal dari luar dirinya.
    Aplikasi teori behavioristik dalam pembelajaran.
    Aplikasi teori behavioristik dalam kegiatan pembelajaran yaitu -  karena memandang pengetahuan adalah objektif, pasti, tetap dan tidak berubah – pengetahuan disusun dengan rapi sehingga belajar adalah perolehan pengetahuan, sedangkan mengajar adalah memindahkan pengetahuan (transfer of knowladge) kepada orang yang belajar. Fungsi pikiran adalah untuk menjiplak struktur pengetahuan yang sudah ada melalui proses berfikir yang dapat dianalisis dan dipilih, sehingga makna yang dihasilkan dari proses berfikir seperti ini ditentukan oleh karakteristik struktur pengetahuan tersebut. Pembelajar diharapkan akan memiliki pemahaman yang sama terhadap pengetahuan yang diajarkan. Artinya, apa yang dipahami oleh pengajar itulah yang harus di pahami oleh pebelajar (siswa).
    PENUTUP.
    Demikianlah beberapa pandangan tentang teori behavioristik, dari pemaparan di atas dapat di ambil kesimpulan bahwa dalam teori behavioristik faktor lingkungan sangat penting perananya dalam proses pembelajaran, disamping itu teori ini juga mengutamakan mekanisme terbentuknya hasil belajar melalui prosedur stimulus respon.
    Sebagai konsekuensi dari teori ini adalah para guru yang menggunakan paradigma behaviorisme akan menyusun bahan pelajaran dalam bentuk yang sudah siap, sehingga tujuan pembelajaran yang harus dikuasai siswa disampaikan secara utuh oleh guru. Guru tidak banyak memberi ceramah tetapi instruksi singkat yang diikuti contoh-contoh baik dilakukan sendiri maupun melalui simulasi. Bahan pelajaran disusun secara hierarki dari yang sederhana sampai pada yang komplex. Sekian……….!!
    DAFTAR PUSTAKA
    Hill, F., Winfred, Theories of learning (diterjemahkan oleh M.khozin dari karya aslinya, Learning:A survey of Psycological Interpretations, Harper Collins Publisher, 1990), Bandung:Nusa Dua, 2009.
    Budiningsih, C., Asri , Belajar dan Pembelajaran, Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta,  2005.
    Hall S. Calvin & Lindzey, Gardner, Psikology kebribadian 3, Teori-Teori sifat dan behavioristik(diterjemahkan dari bukuTheories of personality, New york, Santa barbara Toronto, 1978) , yogyakarta: Kanisius 1993.

    [1] Hill, F., Winfred, Theories of learning (diterjemahkan oleh M.khozin dari karya aslinya, Learning:A survey of Psycological Interpretations,Harper Collins Publisher, 1990), Bandung:Nusa Dua, 2009 Hal. 28.
    [2] Budiningsih, C., Asri , Belajar dan Pembelajaran, Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta,  2005 hal 20
    [3] Hall S. Calvin & Lindzey, Gardner, Psikology kebribadian 3, Teori-Teori sifat dan behavioristik(diterjemahkan dari bukuTheories of personality, New york, Santa barbara Toronto, 1978) , yogyakarta: Kanisius 1993, hal.
  • DOWNLOAD KALENDER PENDIDIKAN 2011-2012

    Bagi bapak/ibu tentunya di awal tahun ajaran baru sedang mempersiapkan perangkat administrasi pembelajaran, salah satu acuannya adalah kalender pendidikan.
    silahkan klik download bagi yang memerlukan kalender pendidikan 2011-2012. Saya buatkan dalam format excel dan tidak saya proteksi. Dengan demikian, jika ada yang tidak sesuai dengan agenda sekolah atau dinas pendidikan setempat bapak ibu masih bisa mengeditnya.
    biar ga kebanyakan basa-basi. silahkan download!
  • Penjumlahan, Perkalian dan Pembagian Angka Penting (AP) Revisi!!

    Ini merupakan edisi revisi, beberapa komentar ada yang kurang faham dan minta ditambah contoh2nya. semoga bisa membantu dan teruslah belajar…
    CARANYA MENENTUKAN BANYAKNYA ANGKA PENTING
    Pahami Rahasia berikut ini: (angka penting saya tandai dengan garis bawah,anda tinggal hitung ada berapa angkanya,OKEH!!)
    1. Selain angka nol adalah angka penting.
    ___misal 31,56 mm : ada 4 AP
    2. Jika MENGIKUTI/DI ANTARA angka bukan nol, termasuk  angka penting
    Contoh: 
    1. 4,003   ada 4 AP   (disini ada 2 angka nol mengikuti angka 4 jadi termasuk AP)
    2. 3,05   ada 3 AP   (disini ada 1 angka nol mengikuti angka 3 jadi termasuk AP)
    3. 0,0025  ada 2 AP. Disini nol tidak mengikuti angka bukan nol jadi tidak termasuk angka penting
    4. 0,03  ada 1 AP. Disini nol tidak mengikuti angka bukan nol jadi tidak termasuk angka penting
    5. 0,05000   ada 4 AP. Disini 3 angka nol yang mengikuti angka 5,juadi termasuk angka penting
    6. 0,070   ada 2 AP. Disini nol yang mengikuti angka 7, termasuk angka penting
    3.    Semua angka sebelum orde (Pada notasi ilmiah) termasuk angka penting.
    Contoh :
    1. 2,5 x 105 ada  2 AP.
    2. 2,50 x 103 ada 3 AP, yakni 2, 5 dan 0 (disini nol mengikuti angka 5)
    Bagaimana, Mudahkan?
    Kalau udah mahir,mari kita tambah lagi ilmunya…
    ATURAN PERKALIAN DAN PEMBAGIAN DENGAN ANGKA PENTING :
    Hasil akhir dari perkalian atau pembagian harus memiliki jumlah angka penting paling sedikit yang digunakan dalam perkalian atau pembagian tersebut…
    Contoh perkalian :
    Contoh 1 :
    2,55     ada 3 AP
    2,5 x   ada  2 AP.   Jadi hasilnya harus ditulis dalam 2 angka penting
    Hasil perkalian awal adalah 6,375. Kita lihat ada 4 AP, hasil yang harus dilaporkan adalah harus ada 2 AP, jadi hasil ini harus dibulatkan menjadi 6,4 (2 AP)
    Contoh 2:
    33,564   ada 5 AP
    1,23  x    ada 3 AP  Jadi hasilnya harus ditulis dalam 3 angka penting
    Hasil perkalian awal adalah 41,28273. Kita lihat ada 7 AP, hasil yang harus dilaporkan cukup 3 AP saja, jadi hasil ini harus dibulatkan menjadi 41,3 (3 AP)
    Contoh pembagian :
    Contoh 1 :
    1,0 : 3,0 = …. ?  (angka penting paling sedikit ada 2 AP)
    Kalo anda pakai kalkulator maka hasilnya adalah 0,3333333333…
    harus dibulatkan hingga hanya ada dua angka penting :
    1,0 : 3,0 = 0,33 (dua angka  penting, yakni 3 dan 3)

    Ketentuan penjumlahan dan pengurangan angka penting :
    Dalam penjumlahan atau pengurangan, hasilnya tidak boleh lebih akurat dari angka yang paling tidak akurat/teliti. Banyak atau sedikitnya angka penting dalam hasil penjumlahan atau pengurangan gak ngaruh…
    Contoh 1 :
    3,7 – 0,57 = … ?  (nilai 3,7 paling tidak akurat/teliti daripada 0,57)
    Kalau pakai kalkulator, hasilnya adalah 3,13. Hasil ini lebih akurat dari 3,7 karenanya harus dibulatkan menjadi : 3,1
    3,7 – 0,57 = 3,1
    Contoh 2 :
    10,24 + 32,451 = …… ?  (10,24 paling tidak akurat/teliti daripada 32,451)
    Kalau pakai kalkulator, hasilnya adalah 42,691. Hasil ini lebih akurat dari 10,24 karenanya harus dibulatkan menjadi : 42,69
    10,24 + 32,451 = 42,69
    Contoh 3 :
    10,24 + 32,457 + 2,6 = …. ?  (2,6 paling tidak akurat dibanding nilai lainnya)
    Kalau dijumlahkan maka hasilnya adalah 45,297. Hasil ini lebih akurat dari 2,6 karenanya harus dibulatkan menjadi : 45,3
    10,24  +  32,457  + 2,6   =  45,3

    Semoga bisa membantu,ingat berlatih terus…
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